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Architectural TPMS Structures: A Prototype of Modular Energy-Efficient Data Centers

By Lucius Hu and Muzhi Wang

"In the digital age, the rising global demand for data centers highlights the critical need for more efficient cooling systems. While air cooling remains the dominant method, its high energy consumption and limited efficiency present significant challenges. Liquid cooling, which is one of the most efficient cooling methods currently used, suffers from a high cost with high risk of leakage.

This research proposes a modular data center architecture prototype that combines air and liquid cooling, leveraging the dual interwoven cavities of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures. The design integrates two scales of TPMS structures—Schoen Batwing (B) units for the building framework and Schone Gyroid (G) units for the cooling system—into a cohesive modular configuration. Key parameters, such as cavity volume ratios and wall thickness defined by TPMS surfaces, are optimized to enhance both cooling efficiency and structural performance.

Material experiments identified self-healing bio-concrete for B units and 6061 aluminum alloy for G units, ensuring durability while supporting the modular concept. This approach enables reduced carbon emissions, efficient transportation, and rapid on-site assembly. By addressing the demand for scalable, energy-efficient solutions, this prototype also facilitates energy recycling, and minimizes environmental impact, aligning with global sustainability goals."

Two sets of physical mock-ups are shown. On the left, copper-toned 3D printed curved units are mounted on concrete bases, resembling abstract wall sections. On the right, smaller white 3D printed modules depict various TPMS (triply periodic minimal surface) structures including lattice formations and customized assemblies, exploring different spatial configurations.
An exploded axonometric drawing of a modular architectural unit. Elements include 3D printed bio-concrete batwing TPMS structures, gyroid cooling heat exchangers, bio concrete slabs, and central server racks. Arrows and dashed lines indicate the modular interconnection and sequence of components.
Concrete material test board showing cylindrical samples from two groups: AG (with glass fiber) and A (without). Each sample is paired with tabulated data that tests mix composition, self-leveling, strength, stiffness, and density. Aggregates include oyster shell, sawdust, wood chips, and millet. The bottom table explores a self-healing mix with bacteria.
Composite visual showing a 3D printed batwing and gyroid modular system. Labels indicate functions: the batwing structure supports occupiable spaces and framework, while the gyroid handles cooling through water and air flow. The diagram also includes a human figure for scale and insets of airflow pathways.
Architectural section drawing of a modular building. The façade is composed of repeating units with embedded textures and layered cavities. Balconies and greenery are interspersed throughout the modular façade. The diagram also shows interior spaces with various programmatic functions like cafes and lounges.
Detailed diagram illustrating how gyroid structures can be adjusted for liquid and wind cooling. Left side shows heat transfer equations and cavity ratio calculations, while the right features volumetric adjustments to the gyroid form (A values) and two gradient cooling strategies: seamless and level gradients, emphasizing structural and thermal behavior.
A grid layout displaying different types of TPMS (triply periodic minimal surface) units, including mathematical formulas and names like Schoen G, Schoen P, and Lidinoid. Below, modular lattice configurations and assembly methods are illustrated, emphasizing mirrored units and customizable frameworks using Grasshopper-generated forms.
Two sets of physical mock-ups are shown. On the left, copper-toned 3D printed curved units are mounted on concrete bases, resembling abstract wall sections. On the right, smaller white 3D printed modules depict various TPMS (triply periodic minimal surface) structures including lattice formations and customized assemblies, exploring different spatial configurations.